Cytokine is a molecule produced by the body's cells that is used to activate an immune response. It can also be toxic to cells and is used in cancer treatment. There are many different applications of Cytokine.
Cytokines are small glycoproteins with a molecular weight of less than 30 kDa that have numerous functions in the immune system. They are important in both the inflammatory response and the regulation of growth. Their effects on different cells depend on the receptors on the cell surface. The Global Cytokine Market was valued at US$ 77,796.1 Mn in 2021 and is forecast to reach a value of US$ 141,667.1 Mn by 2028 at a CAGR of 8.9% between 2022 and 2028.\ Cytokines are produced by a wide range of cells in the immune system. Some cytokines are pro-inflammatory, while others are anti-inflammatory. Cytokines have pleiotropic effects on other organs and have a role in the immune system. IL-6 is associated with increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. It is also involved in the recruitment of immune cells. Cytokines are secreted by most of the cells in the body. They are classified into three groups based on their activity: interleukins, lymphokines, and chemokines. Cytokines act as soluble mediators that provide signals to various types of cells. This enables them to alter gene transcription factors and promote growth and development. They are responsible for the regulation of several processes in the body, including the proliferation of cells and the differentiation of tissue. Cytokine for cancer is the subject of increasing interest due to the potential for the development of new anti-tumor immunotherapeutic strategies. These strategies include the genetic engineering of tumor cells to generate immune-stimulating molecules, and the use of dendritic cell-based vaccination therapy. The cytokines IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, and IL-21 have all recently entered clinical trials. They have demonstrated anti-tumor activity in murine models. High-dose IL-2 can induce durable complete responses in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, initial results have been mixed. The role of TH17 cells has not been clearly established. IL-12, on the other hand, has demonstrated anti-tumor effects in murine tumor models. It promotes T cell proliferation and differentiation to helper and antigen presenting cells. It also exhibits anti-angiogenic properties. IL-15, which shares two receptor subunits with IL-2, plays a significant role in the immune response. IL-15 is a key factor in enhancing the persistence of memory CD8+ T cells. Recent studies have also demonstrated the use of IL-21 in adoptive T-cell therapies. Cytokine toxicity is often observed in a variety of cell types. This is partly due to the fact that cytokines are potent mediators of immune responses. However, it has also been shown that cytokines can also lead to cytokine toxicity in other cells. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune disorders, as well as promoting tissue fibrosis. It has been viewed as a cytokine that promotes the expansion of natural killer (NK) cells. Various anti-cancer agents are designed to target cytokine activity within the tumor microenvironment. These second-generation drugs can include fusion proteins, which enhance the half-life of the cytokine, and molecules with novel targets. A number of NK cell-based immunotherapeutics have been designed with an aim to improve the cytotoxicity and persistence of these cells in the tumor microenvironment. One such example is the CAR-NK cell. It has been shown that this cell can be genetically engineered to display enhanced cytotoxicity towards CD20-positive malignant cells.
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