Alkaline proteases are enzymes that digest proteins in the digestive system. They are characterized by a high reducing power and have low specific activities. They can be useful in therapeutic treatment and drug discovery. Alkaline proteases are produced by bacteria. These bacteria are found in the alkaline soda lake. They require optimum pH, NaCl and shake flask conditions. They also need to have high catalytic activity and substrate specificity.
Alkaline Proteases are a type of hydrolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds of proteins. They have many industrial applications, including detergents, food, and waste management. These proteases have excellent stability under a wide pH range, which makes them suitable for numerous applications. According to Coherent Market Insights the Alkaline Proteases Market Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2022-2028. Alkaline Protease enzymes are used to improve the properties of proteins, such as their solubility, and resistance to precipitation in acidic environments. Hydrolyzed proteins are also used as emulsifying agents in foods and beverages. Unlike their acidic counterparts, proteins hydrolyzed by alkaline proteases have a very high nutritional value and are used in a variety of applications, including dietic foods and beverages. The production of alkaline proteases is of great interest in biotechnology. These enzymes have high catalytic activity and produce no undesired by-products. They are also easily optimized and can be produced in large quantities. Some important applications for alkaline proteases include food and detergents. Alkaline Proteases can also be used in the leather industry to remove unwanted pigments. They can also be used in depilatory products such as hair removal products. Moreover, alkaline proteases are also used in dehairing animals. In conventional dehairing, hair is removed using a saturated solution of sodium sulfide or lime. However, this process is toxic to workers and results in a large amount of COD, BOD, and suspended solids. Bacillus species are highly efficient alkaline Protease producers. Bacillus licheniformis is a promising industrial strain with a high secretion capacity. It is also widely distributed in soils and has a high metabolic rate, allowing it to recycle nutrients and create proteins. Various carbon, nitrogen and carbohydrate sources affect the production of alkaline proteases. Carbohydrate, especially glucose, inhibits alkaline protease production and favours growth. The activity of alkaline proteases is strongly affected by the presence of metal ions. Heavy metal ions, such as Cu 2+ and Zn 2+, inhibit the activity of alkaline proteases. Conversely, Mg2+ and Mn2+ enhance enzyme activities by as much as 75%. During experiments, it was found that the alkaline proteases produced by the sigE and sigF mutants differeted in production by a small amount. Both mutants were able to synthesize extracellular protease, the sigE mutant exhibited more activity per unit of biomass, while the sigF mutant showed slightly lower activity. Both mutants produced higher levels of alkaline protease, and their activity decreased less rapidly than that of the parent strain. The study of alkaline proteases has shown that Ca2+ is a necessary component for alkaline proteases. The sigF and sigE mutants differed slightly in their ability to synthesize the alkaline protease. Furthermore, AprA-PPC is able to dehair animal skins. These enzymes can be isolated from various microorganisms and are commonly used in detergents, foods, and other applications. Although there is significant literature on alkaline protease production, more research is needed to improve commercial production. This study aims to review different methods of alkaline protease production and their effects on their activity and stability.
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