Succinic acid, pronounced "sk-snk," is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. [5] The word "succinum" means "amber" in Latin. In living things, succinic acid takes the form of the anion succinate, which serves a number of biological functions. It is both a signalling molecule that reflects the metabolic state of the cell and a metabolic intermediate that is converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain, which is involved in the production of ATP. As the food additive E363, it is advertised. The tricarboxylic acid cycle in mitochondria produces succinate (TCA).
According to Coherent Market Insights the Succinic Acid Market Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2022-2028. Succinate can function outside of the mitochondrial matrix in both the cytoplasm and the extracellular environment, altering the epigenetic landscape or exhibiting hormone-like signalling. As a result, succinate establishes a connection between controlling cellular function and cellular metabolism, particularly ATP synthesis. Some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome and Melas syndrome, cause dysregulation of succinate synthesis, which in turn affects ATP synthesis. Degradation can result in pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation, and tissue damage. Historically, succinic acid was produced by distilling amber and was referred to as "spirit of amber." Maleic acid hydrogenation, 1,4-butanediol oxidation, and ethylene glycol carbonylation are typical industrial routes. By using maleic anhydride, butane can also be converted into succinate. An estimated 16,000 to 30,000 tonnes are produced worldwide each year, with a 10% annual growth rate. Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have undergone genetic engineering are suggested for the commercial fermentation of glucose. Diesters like diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2 can be created by dehydrogenating succinic acid to fumaric acid. The substrate for the Stobbe condensation is this diethyl ester. Succinic anhydride is produced when succinic acid is dehydrated. Maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone, and tetrahydrofuran can all be made from succinate. Succinic acid is a constituent of some alkyd resins and a precursor to some polyesters. In order to make 1,4-butanediol (BDO), succinic acid can be used as a precursor. BDO is a major supplier of connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs, and reinforcing beams to the automotive and electronics industries. Succinic acid is also one of the building blocks of some biodegradable polymers that have potential uses in tissue engineering. As an alternative, SDH's reverse activity can produce succinate. A. succinogenes, A. succiniciproducens, and M. succiniciproducens, among other bacteria, reverse the TCA cycle under anaerobic conditions to convert glucose to succinate via the intermediates oxaloacetate, malate, and fumarate. In metabolic engineering, this pathway is used to generate succinate for human consumption. Additionally, succinic acid, which is created during the fermentation of sugar, gives fermented alcohols a combination of saltiness, bitterness, and acidity. The glyoxylate cycle also produces succinate, which is a four-carbon compound created by combining two two-carbon acetyl units. Numerous bacteria, plants, and fungi use the glyoxylate cycle to survive on compounds that produce acetate or acetyl CoA. Through the action of the enzyme isocitrate lyase, which breaks down isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate, the pathway avoids the decarboxylation steps of the TCA cycle. The generated succinate can then be used for biosynthesis or the production of energy.
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